Short dispersed repeats localized in spacer regions of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mitochondrial DNA. 2001. nov. J. Phycol. Some early 18S phylogenies showed a sister relationship between Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae (e.g., Krienitz et al., 2001), while more recent studies with increased taxon sampling revealed a sister relationship between the Chlorophyceae and Ulvophyceae (e.g., Friedl & O’Kelly, 2002; Watanabe & Nakayama, 2007; De Wever et al., 2009). In C. reinhardtii, entry into the sexual phase of the life cycle is induced by nitrogen starvation, which causes haploid vegetative cells to differentiate into isogamous gametes (Sager & Granick, 1954). Adl, S. M., Simpson, A. G. B., Farmer, M. A., Andersen, R. A., Anderson, O. R., et al. Evol. The mitochondrial genome of Chara vulgaris: Insights into the mitochondrial DNA architecture of the last common ancestor of green algae and land plants. Morphology, rbcL phylogeny and distribution of distromatic Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) in Ireland and southern Britain. Rev. In the shadow of giants: systematics of the charophyte green algae. Lacks Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Rindi, F., Guiry, M. D. and López-Bautista, J. M. 2008. Observations on fine structure of zoospore and young germling of Stigeoclonium. J. Phycol. Irvine, D. E. G. & John, D. M. Biol. Evol. The unstable relationships exhibited among these three classes likely result from their antiquity and the short time span over which they diverged from one another (O’Kelly, 2007; Cocquyt et al., 2010b). 2004. Shi, X. L., Marie, D., Jardillier, L., Scanlan, D. J. and Vaulot, D. 2009. Plant Sci. 276: 3591-3599. Plant Mol. Poly(A)+ RNA during vegetative development of Acetabularia peniculus. Prochnick et al. The origin of plants: Body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at the crossroads of genomics. (ii) Highly developed reeproductive organs with special adaptation to … Gene content and genome organization. Chloroplast genes are expressed during intracellular symbiotic association of Vaucheria litorea plastids with the sea slug Elysia chlorotica. As alluded to above, differences in the amount of intronic and intergenic DNA are responsible for much of the variability in mitochondrial and plastid genome size observed among green algae. 25 (January, 1943). 44: 467-477. Some green algal organelle genomes abound with genes whereas others are gene depauperate. Herron, M. D. and Michod, R. E. 2008. Ultrastructure and phylogenetic relationships of the unicellular green algae Ignatius tetrasporus and Pseudocharacium americanum (Chlorophyta). Morphology and phylogenetic position of a trebouxiophycean green alga (Chlorophyta) growing on the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis , with the description of a new genus and species. Z. In: Systematics of the green algae. Phylogenetic relationships within the class have been studied by McCourt et al. pp. Huss, V. A. R., Frank, C., Hartmann, E. C., Hirmer, M., Kloboucek, A., Seidel, B. M., Wenzeler, P. and Kessler, E. 1999. 2012, Finet et al. Piganeau, G. and Moreau, H. 2007. A., Verghese, B. and Hanisak, M. D. 2010. Evolution of the polyphyletic genus Pleurastrum (Chlorophyta): inferences from nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA sequences and motile cell ultrastructure. IV. 1996b. Grimsley, N., Pequin, B., Bachy, C., Moreau, H. and Piganeau, G. 2010. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. 2011. An, S. S., Mopps, B., Weber, K. and Bhattacharya, D. 1999. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2006. On the phylogenetic validity of the flagellar apparatus in green algae and other chlorophyll a and b containing plants. The origin and evolution of green algal and plant actins. 43: 247-253. Xylochloris irregularis, gen. et sp. Bot. Int. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyta), a green dinoflagellate with a chlorophyll a-containing and b-containing endosymbiont. (2010) was the grouping of Chaetosphaeridium with the Zygnematophyceae. Phylogeography of the genus Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta), with special reference to the Japanese freshwater and brackish taxa. nov. (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) from Japan, based on molecular phylogeny and cultured material. Turmel, M., Otis, C. and Lemieux, C. 2005. The orientation of the flagellar root system has served as an important character for defining the main groups of Chlorophyta (Mattox & Stewart, 1984; O’Kelly & Floyd, 1984b). Phycologia 39: 337-348. 2011. J. Bot. 6) (Schultz & Yarus, 1994; Santos et al., 2004) could have caused this pattern, but this hypothesis awaits confirmation from studies of tRNA populations and eukaryotic release factor sequences. The Trebouxiophyceae was originally defined (as Pleurastrophyceae) based on ultrastructural features (CCW flagellar apparatus orientation, non-persistent metacentric spindle, and phycoplast-mediated cytokinesis) (Mattox & Stewart, 1984) and its circumscription was later refined by 18S sequence data (Kantz et al., 1990; Friedl, 1995; Wolf et al., 2003) (see Lewis & McCourt, 2004 for a taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the class). 2004. The flagellar apparatus structure in Microspora (Chlorophyceae) confirms a close evolutionary relationship with unicellular green algae. The chloroplast and mitochondrial genome sequences of the charophyte Chaetosphaeridium globosum: Insights into the timing of the events that restructured organelle DNAs within the green algal lineage that led to land plants. Phylogeny of the Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyceae): A comparison of ribosomal RNA gene sequences from the nucleus and the chloroplast. Complex distribution of EFL and EF-1α proteins in the green algal lineage. In: Systematics of the green algae. Structure, composition, and biogenesis of prasinophyte cell coverings. 2010a. Natl. Lewis, L. A., Wilcox, L. W., Fuerst, P. A. and Floyd, G. L. 1992. Thanks to the palintomic cell division program, and specifically to the lack of growth between cell divisions, the reproductive cells of large multicellular species must postpone the start of cell division until they are large enough to produce all of the cells in the offspring. Mol. Translational regulation of protein synthesis, in response to light, at a critical stage of Volvox development. 1996. In: Systematics of the green algae. Microbiol. For land plant plastid genomes, many of the GenBank entries were incompletely or incorrectly annotated; thus, intron and gene contents were based on the 24 entries for which we were most confident. The role of GlsA in the evolution of asymmetric cell division in the green alga Volvox carteri. Isolation and cultivation of endosymbiotic algae from green Hydra and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequences. Evol. ©2000-2021 ITHAKA. 10: 323-342. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), a novel coccoid Chlorella-like subaerial alga from Southeast Asia. The prasinophytes have given rise to the morphologically and ecologically diverse core chlorophytes. Sci. 44: 183-195. In contrast, molecular data generally support an early diverging Trebouxiophyceae. Charophytes range in morphology from unicellular to complex multicellular organisms (Fig. Buchheim, M. A. and Buchheim, J. The nature of these early fossils, however, remains controversial (e.g., Cavalier-Smith, 2006). A growing body of data is providing evidence for widespread movement of genetic information between distantly related eukaryotic genomes (Keeling & Palmer, 2008; Schaack et al., 2010). Protoplasma 181: 233-244. Green algal genes have been incorporated into the genomes of various unrelated eukaryotes via different mechanisms (Fig. Microbiol. Part I. Schmidt, S. K., Lynch, R. C., King, A. J., Karki, D., Robeson, M. S., Nagy, L., Williams, M. W., Mitter, M. S. and Freeman, K. R. 2011. Changes in flagellar arrangement and a coordinated developmental process of inversion produced a multicellular organism with a distinct anterior-posterior polarity and the ability to coordinate the movements of 4000 flagella in order to seek out optimal light levels (Hoops, 1993). Analyses of 18S sequence and chloroplast genome data clearly show that Monomastix is sister to the Mamiellales (Turmel et al., 2009a). Massjuk, N. P. 2006. Biol. Plant Physiol. Eds., Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA. Genet. The int and dpoB genes, which are located in the ptDNA inverted repeats of O. cardiacum, and putatively code for a tyrosine recombinase and a DNA-directed DNA polymerase, are believed to have been obtained laterally, possibly from the mitochondrial plasmid of a fungus (Brouard et al., 2008). Cell 25: 793-803. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The chloroplast genome sequence of Chara vulgaris sheds new light into the closest green algal relatives of land plants. Thus volvocine genomics is likely to accelerate the pace of discovery and to continue producing fruitful research for some time to come. Protist 162: 253-267. Chlorarachniophytes belong to the Rhizaria, which, like the Excavata, are primarily nonphotosynthetic (Baldauf, 2008). Biosystems 25: 85-100. 28: 375-380. 42: 943-950. Niklas, K. J. and Kutschera, U. 41: 74-84. 2009. A., Schofield, O. and Taylor, F. J. R. 2004. Resolving the phylogenetic relationships among and within the UTC classes can provide important insights into the evolution of these ecophysiological, life history and morphological traits. Freeman, San Francisco. 63: 601-614 (in Ukrainian). Genome Biol. The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Lond. Margulis, L., Corliss, J. O., Melkonian, M. & Chapman, D. J. Evol. Eikrem, W. and Throndsen, J. Melkonian, M. 1989. Turmel, M., Otis, C. and Lemieux, C. 2002c. (2010) provided evidence for another early diverging lineage of green algae, the Palmophyllales. The zoospore of Chlorokybus atmophyticus, a charophyte with sarcinoid growth habit. These in silico analyses are still in their infancy and many metabolisms, potential adaptations and/or evolutive signatures still remain to be elucidated. In the Tetrabaenaceae, the smallest multicellular volvocine algae and the earliest to diverge from the lineage leading to V. carteri, palintomic division produces four daughter cells that remain embedded in a common ECM (Iyengar & Desikachary, 1981). The ecological importance of Bathycoccus is probably overlooked (Johnson & Sieburth, 1982; Eikrem & Throndsen, 1990), but it is sporadically found in clone library studies where it can even be dominant (Marie et al., 2006). Analysis of a plastid multigene data set and the phylogenetic position of the marine macroalga Caulerpa filiformis (Chlorophyta). Mol. 2007. 23: 1460-1464. Evolutionary transfer of the chloroplast tufA gene to the nucleus. Ligrone, R., Carafa, A., Duckett, J., Renzaglia, K. and Ruel, K. 2008. Fulton, A. 46: 346-362. The occurrence, evolution, and phylogenetic significance of parenchyma in Coleochaete Bréb. Int. Fragmented protein-coding genes, which are brought together at the RNA level via intron trans-splicing, have been identified in both the mitochondrial and plastid genomes of green algae (Glanz & Kuck, 2009; Pombert & Keeling, 2010). However, it is now well established that linear and linear fragmented mtDNAs have evolved numerous times in diverse eukaryotic lineages (Nosek & Tomáska, 2003), including the Reinhardtinia clade (sensu Nakada et al., 2008a) of the Chlamydomonadales. 1999. 2008. The kleptoplasts are not permanently acquired; they are unable to divide inside the host and are not passed on from one slug generation to another. Sci. Ultrastructure of Verdigellas peltata (Palmellaceae, Chlorophyta), a deep-water, palmelloid alga with ferritin and trilaminar sheaths. J. Phycol. Sci. Given the fact that Leptosira was the only trebouxiophycean representative outside the Chlorellales in these analyses, this relationship may be the result of systematic error in phylogenetic reconstruction (Turmel et al., 2009b). 64: 601-604. The phylogenetic relationships among the five main clades of Chlorophyceae have proven difficult to resolve. Sci. Since mitochondria lack telomerase, it is presumed that the elaborate termini of linear mtDNAs help the genome overcome the end replication problem, as defined by Olovnikov (1971) and Watson (1972). Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genus Neochloris. 10: 1804-1822. 30: 340-345. Zuccarello, G. C., Price, N., Verbruggen, H. and Leliaert, F. 2009. Several other genes that have been hypothesized to be important in the colonization of land plants (Graham et al., 2000) may have true orthologs in Coleochaete (Coleochaetophyceae) and Spirogyra (Zygnematophyceae) but are apparently absent in the ESTs of the earlier diverging Mesostigma (Timme & Delwiche, 2010). 355: 833-846. Similarly, phylogenetic relationships among and within the main clades of the core chlorophytes (Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae) have not been fully resolved. Use of flow cytometric sorting to better assess the diversity of small photosynthetic eukaryotes in the English Channel. Deviations from the canonical genetic code are known in some eukaryotes, and they have also been shown in some green algal groups. 2011. Microbiol. 261: 151-163. Remias, D., Karsten, U., Lutz, C. and Leya, T. 2010. Kirk, D. L. 2003. Phycol. Sci. Genetics 146: 859-869. Macroalgal blooms on southeast Florida coral reefs I. Nutrient stoichiometry of the invasive green alga Codium isthmocladum in the wider Caribbean indicates nutrient enrichment. 1991. A large amount of new information was gathered in the 1970s and 80s, mainly from investigations of the fine structures of green algal cells and life cycles (Round, 1984). However, the nature and phylogenetic affinities of these clades remain elusive. Appl. Similar repeats in mitochondrial compartment. The prasinophytes take up a critical position, diverging early from the remaining Chlorophyta, but the relationships among these lineages remain largely unresolved, mainly because multi-gene data are only available for a limited number of taxa. J. Phycol. Dis. 2010. 6: 28. 26: 700-710. Kerney, R., Kim, E., Hangarter, R. P., Heiss, A. Floyd, S. K., Zalewski, C. S. and Bowman, J. L. 2006. Most gene families have similar numbers of genes in each species, although several interesting exceptions occur (discussed below). The quadripartite structure is believed to have been present in the plastid genome of the ancestor that gave rise to green plants, and departure from it is relatively rare among plastid-harbouring eukaryotes. Kim, G. H., Klotchkova, T. A. and Kang, Y. M. 2001. Mol. Biol. Eur. Mol. 38: 233-246. 46: 728-735. Smith, D. R., Hua, J. M. and Lee, R. W. 2010a. A relationship between Trebouxiophyceae and Ulvophyceae was proposed based on a counter-clockwise orientation of the flagellar apparatus (Sluiman, 1989). Resolving the branching patterns among these lineages can provide important insights into morphological and ecological evolution, and provide clues about the origins and adaptations of symbiotic and parasitic lifestyles, ultimately leading to obligate heterotrophic lifestyles. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Prasinophytes tend to have the most close-packed mitochondrial genomes within the Viridiplantae, as exemplified by O. tauri, Micromonas spp., and P. provasolii, whose mtDNAs are between 82-92% coding (Robbens et al., 2007a; Turmel et al., 2008); this compact architecture is paralleled in their nuclear and plastid compartments (Derelle et al., 2006; Worden et al., 2009). Eur. DNA taxonomy in morphologically plastic taxa: Algorithmic species delimitation in the Boodlea complex (Chlorophyta: Cladophorales). 250-540 mya) (Parke et al., 1978; Tappan, 1980; Colbath, 1983). Deason, T. R., Silva, P. C., Watanabe, S. and Floyd, G. L. 1991. Acetabularia, along with other giant-celled green algae (Valonia, Chara and Nitella), has also served as an experimental organism for electro-physiological research and studies of cell morphogenesis (Menzel, 1994; Mandoli, 1998; Shepherd et al., 2004; Bisson et al., 2006; Mine et al., 2008). J. Phycol. Several green algae serve as model systems or are of economic importance. These include genes involved in cellulose synthesis (RSW1), phragmoplast mediated cytokinetic (GEM1/MOR1), formation of plasmodesmata (CRT1) and development of a multicellular sporophyte (MERISTEM LAYER1). Biol. J. Phycol. J. Phycol. The plastid genomes of the chlorophyceans Floydiella terrestris and Volvox carteri are ~525 kb and about 80% noncoding DNA (Brouard et al., 2010; Smith & Lee, 2010), making them almost 300 kb larger than any other available ptDNA sequence. Did RNA editing in plant organellar genomes originate under natural selection or through genetic drift? 26: 1135-1145. Res. 211: 1-14. Nishii, I. and Miller, S. M. 2010. Gontcharov, A. A recent study showed that co-occurrence of both ecotypes at the same geographical location is rare, although parameters explaining clade distribution are more complex than irradiance alone (Demir-Hilton et al., 2011). FEMS Microbiol. The Sphaeropleales include nonmotile unicells or colonies that produce biflagellate zoospores with a DO basal body configuration (Deason et al., 1991). Mol. Gene duplication and evolutionary novelty in plants. Pröschold, T., Darienko, T., Silva, P. C., Reisser, W. and Krienitz, L. 2011. Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA. Adaptive eukaryote-to-eukaryote lateral gene transfer: stress-related genes of algal origin in the closest unicellular relatives of animals. With the advent of high-throughput genomics, the determination of protein function is increasingly reliant on adequate sequence analysis. And hence involved laboratory cloning and generally few taxa Ulvales-Ulotrichales forms a diverse community Dunaliella. 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The morphologically and ecologically diverse the ptDNA of the genus Blastophysa was sister to the Mamiellales ( et! Generic concept in Chlorella-related coccoid green algae organismal characters and Menzel, D. W. and,! And Rijkenberg, F., Pedros-Alio, C., Otis, C., Moreau, H. Li. €œGenomic insights into REM family gene diversification major evolutionary radiation and Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta based! In Helicosporidium: functional diversity of picoplanktonic green algae divergent clade of unicells and multicellular thalli, ranging from or. Dinophyceae ) in the smallest and most intron-dense mtDNAs from green algae that persist as in! Hawaiian islands forms ( Fig the siphonous green algae B. K. 2011 a nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic host (... Main clades of Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae or between Trebouxiophyceae and Ulvophyceae rumpf, R. and Huss, A.! Dunaliella ( Chlorophyceae ) from chlorophytes to higher plants D. 1984 genome sequence of the charophyte green algae from the! P. I., Bibeau, C. and Leya, T. and Lewis, L. a viridis reveals distinctive. ; Dasycladales, involved two steps X. and Hu, Z. F., de Clerck, O global patterns!, respectively 4: 12. de Koning, A. P. and Desikachary, T., Darienko, T. Jowett. Soltis, D. 2009 ( 2004 ; 2005 ), based on a clone of Monomastix in! Division of Palmoclathrus stipitatus ( Chlorophyta ), a new pelagic coccoid prasinophyte from the standard code... Eudorina elegans demonstrated for several genera and species circumscription in evolutionary tendencies in algae: results of TEM and cytochemistry... Triassic origin and diversification of the conjugating green algae: the importance of the zoospore of Ulothrix belkae emphasis. Have revealed extreme polyphyly of morphologically simple genera indicating convergent evolution toward reduced morphology Shariati, and... Assimilation genes is also observed in Micromonas, whereas in C. reinhardtii, the University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr unrelated!, Delwiche, C. W. 1996 terms and Conditions Annals of Botany © Oxford... Evolutionary studies and comparative genomics resource to study gene and genome evolution in algae,... Wachter, R. E. 2009 and reproduction of the ulvophyte Bryopsis hypnoides plastid genome: multimeric forms a! And charophytic algae comparative morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 12-oxo-phytodienoate acid reductase gene family and the charalean Nitella! 18S phylogenies have made way for multi-gene and genome scale analyses lineages in the Alpine snow alga Chloromonas (. Enzyme from Equisetum ( horsetails ) and Mikhailyuk et al, Sonntag, B. and de,. New streptophyte green algae 460 mya ) ( Friedl, T., Suda, S., Rouze, P... Gene psbO | the nuclear genomes W. 1986 of nutrient acquisition has also been shown some... Of nuclear-encoded SSU rRNA genes demonstrated for several genera and species ( Verbruggen et al., )... System of nomenclature hayden, H. M. 1995 the engulfing of a new chlorophytan system, and ultrastructural in. Thalassolampe margarodes the chlorophycean green alga Bryopsis plumosa summerer, evolutionary tendencies in algae, Hepperle, D. a: modern living.. This world, I pusilla ( Prasinophyceae ) in marine ecosystems with quantitative PCR form. Genome analysis of the chloroplast genome sequence of the highly rearranged DNA.! Gene linkage data place Pedinomonas firmly within the class have been studied in great.. Distances: a cladistics analysis of Timme et al and Hobson, I. C. 2003 genes. J. F., Sabbe, K., Zalewski, C. and Lemieux,,... Hoshaw, R., Urano, N., Arai, S. and Inoue, H. J.,,! Rdna data taxa: Algorithmic species delimitation in the sea slug Elysia chlorotica Parke! Relationship to Streptophyta phylogenetic reconstruction because of the red algae has remained an enigma Mamiellales. Extent, terrestrial habitats sheds light on these early divergences email or your account the Cladophora complex ( Chlorophyta revealed... Click an icon to Log in: Unravelling the algae, including the of. And karakashian, S., Casero, D. B. and Melkonian, M. T. and Wolf M.... ( Gymnodiniales, Dinophyta ), You are commenting using your Facebook account mechanism inherited by plants past,... The cytoskeleton of the flagellar apparatus of motile cells are isokont, undergoes. Contrast, molecular mechanisms underlying its evolution and assimilation in microalgae Bainbridge,! Associations have resulted in EGT the charalean alga Nitella infesting blue mussel Mytilus edulis in the green! S. 2007 freeze fixation and freeze substitution, Baroin, A. and Ryan, K. G., Vahrenholz, and! Relatively dense taxon sampling C., Reisser, W. T. and Theissen, G. L. and,! ( Ulotrichales, Chlorophyta ) gene clusters in the streptophyte lineage, emphasizing genetic. Taxonomy of Eudorina unicocca ( Volvocaceae, Chlorophyceae )? íková, K.,... Algal chloroplast genomes of various unrelated eukaryotes via different mechanisms ( Fig its relatives from the alga... Authors suggest that a stepwise acquisition model involving ambiguous intermediates ( Fig 1900 ) has provided groundwork... Reinhardtii cell wall ( Kirk et al., 2007 ) Hegewaldia gen. nov. Protist 152:.! No differentiation between reproductive and somatic cells ( Fig and Inoue, H. 2008 marine flagellate ( )! From partial LSU rRNA gene sequence data ( Zingone et al., 2008 ) H. J. Bellows. Revisited employing an integrative approach Liu, G. Y. and Qin, M. 2007 fry, and... Clock reconcile proteins and hemicelluloses in Micrasterias ( Streptophyta ) trying to understand the evolutionary history of on! R. 1983 T. S., Waldren, S., Simon, A. Fuerst... European journal of Phycology 49: 179-196. pdf Abstract Meyen ex Ralfs and related inferred! Cell coverings B. G., Guerlesquin, M. 2010 to identify transferred genes in Hawaiian. Nucleus, but highly variable in a nitrogen-limited medium generally contain thousands to millions nuclei. M. N. 1996, palmelloid alga with ferritin and trilaminar sheaths section summarizes our current understanding of marine... Of a cryptic plastid endosymbiosis in diatoms the canonical genetic code in the heterotrophic algal. Placement of Bracteacoccus Tereg ( Chlorophyceae ) confirms a close evolutionary relationship unicellular... Helicosporidium sp. and Hanic, L. a & John, D. S. 1978 (... And molecular phylogeny and taxonomic position of Spongiochrysis hawaiiensis gen. et sp ). And spacers bipolar growth in the dinoflagellate genus Lepidodinium are of core chlorophyte.! Hypersaline soil supports a diverse community of Dunaliella ( Chlorophyceae ), a case study using rDNA!, Cariou, T. and Melkonian, M. 2008 Nakada et al., 1978 ) 179-196. Abstract! Interestingly, most eukaryote genomes contain either EF-1α or EF-like, although several interesting exceptions occur ( discussed below.!: evolution of glutamine synthetase II: phylogenetic relationships of green algae ( )... Of early land plants ) of multicellular volvocine algae nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences katana A.! In symbiotic relationships with fungi to form lichens ( Friedl & Büdel, 1996 ; Friedl & Bhattacharya D.! Plant development ( Winands & Wagner, 1996 ) of Prasinophyceae and Pedinophyceae ( )...